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Venus as morning star
Venus
names 41languages 27
The names
vernacular 13 · folk 10 · tribal 18
| Name | Language | Meaning | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tizhepfü | Angami Naga the Angami country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | possibly tise-pfü, 'morning bringer' A girl of that name, a great coquette, who made every lad in the village believe she loved him; when they found her out and swore never to look on her face again, she said she would become a big star when she died so that everyone would have to look at her. Fickle or loose women are still compared to Tizhepfü. | tribal |
| Atu nü isüt (C); Atümi isüt (M) | Ao Naga the Ao country, Naga Hills (now Nagaland) | 'Atu taro-roasting' A man called Atu used to get up and cook taro for his breakfast when this star rose. | tribal |
| ভোটাতৰা bhoṭātarā | Assamese Upper Assam (Sibsagar) | 'the big star' — the Assamese gloss opens বৰ তৰা, 'great star' This fills the one gap the modern Assamese dictionary leaves: the Candrakanta Abhidhana has পুবঁতী তৰা for Venus as morning star but NO evening-star word at all. Bronson has both — the main entry gives the evening star, and the Addenda at the back of the volume add the morning star to the same headword. | vernacular |
| পুবঁতী-তৰা pubantī-tarā | Assamese Assam | 'the dawn star' (pubā 'to dawn, to break — of night') Given inside the entry for শুক্ৰ as the Assamese equivalent of the tatsama planet-name. This is the Assamese member of the eastern set of 'dawn-star' words for Venus — cf. Odia ପାହାନ୍ତି ତାରା pāhānti tārā and ପୁଆଁ ତରା puāñ tarā in this file. | vernacular |
| পোয়াতে-তারা poẏāte-tārā | Bengali Bengal | 'the dawning star' — Dāsa derives it from প্রভাতিয়া prabhātiyā, 'of the dawn' Illustrated from a work Dāsa abbreviates গ্রহ-নক্ষত্র ('Planets and Stars'): 'have you seen the poẏāte-tārā, or śuk-tārā?' — the citation itself glossing the folk word with the standard one. | folk |
| Pringpang | Garo the Garo Hills, Assam (now Meghalaya) | It warns the cocks that day is approaching and that it is time to wake sleeping mankind — the star's duty is to the cock, and the cock's to the household. | tribal |
| Jevan Sukum (Jevan Tara, Dohan Chandani); Pahat Sukum (Pahat Sukir, Pahat Tara) | Gondi Nagpur region: Chandrapur, Yavatmal, Gondia (Maharashtra), Adilabad (Telangana), Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh) | the dinner star; the dawn star Jevan is the meal: the star that rises in the east in the evening and says it is time to eat, also the star that says it is time to milk the cow. Pahat Sukum stands overhead at 4 a.m. and says it is time to start work. | tribal |
| भलका / بهلکا bhalkā | Hindi eastern Hindi belt (Fallon marks the sense 'morning star' E., the nose-ring sense W.) | 'daybreak' The same word means both 'the morning star' and 'a gold star or patch fixed on a nose-ring' - the ornament/star doubling seen also in jhumkā and in Punjabi kirhkaṭī. | folk |
| भुरका / بهرکا bhurkā | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the dawn one' (Platts derives it from S. vyuṣṭa 'daybreak'; cf. Hindi bhor 'dawn') A purely vernacular formation on the word for daybreak, with no Sanskrit or Persian star name behind it. | folk |
| ujāle-kā tārā | Hindi Hindustani generally | 'the star of the daylight' Named from the watch it belongs to: Platts's preceding sub-entry is ujāle-kā pahrā, 'the morning watch, the watch which begins at dawn'. The star is the one that stands in that watch. | folk |
| aṅgo ipil (printed 'ango ipil', 'anyo ipil') | Ho Kolhan, Singhbhum, Jharkhand | the dawn star | tribal |
| 'lur-shai | Khasi Khasi and Jaintia hills, Meghalaya | the light star, the bright star | tribal |
| boḷḷi mi·nï | Kodava Kodagu (Coorg) | 'silver star' / 'white star' — boḷḷi 'silver' (< Dravidian *veḷ 'white') + mi·nï 'star' (< Dravidian *mīn) | vernacular |
| Pele suka | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | At Bhimnala, beside Vegud suka elsewhere. | tribal |
| Vegud suka | Kolami Kolam villages of Yavatmal and Chandrapur districts, Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and adjoining Adilabad, Telangana | 'the star of the morning' Nine of ten villages. | tribal |
| bijj-bīnkō (morning); ḍhurti-bīnkō (evening); bhurkā | Kurukh Chota Nagpur plateau (Oraon country), Jharkhand | the dawn star; the dusk star | tribal |
| Porya Tara | Lambadi (Banjara) Banjara tandas of Vidarbha, Maharashtra (villages in the Nagpur–Amravati–Yavatmal region) | Reported in all six villages. | tribal |
| കൊററി koṟṟi | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | North Malabar dialect (Gundert's 'No.' = Northern). Used with the verb of rising: കൊററി ഉദിച്ചു 'the morning star has risen' — the phrase of a rural day beginning. | folk |
| പെരുമീന് perumīn | Malayalam Kerala (Malabar, Cochin, Travancore) | 'great star' (പെരു- big, great + മീന് star) Specifically the morning apparition of Venus. | vernacular |
| Deiva | Mara (Lakher) the Lakher country, southern Lushai Hills (now southern Mizoram) and the Chin Hills | Deiva had many sisters, and each of them killed a pig when he visited, so the feast ran so late that he did not come out until about four in the morning — and still does. | tribal |
| बैलमाऱ्या bailamāṟyā | Marathi Maharashtra | bullock-killer a caravan name: travellers who start their cattle on the false dawn Jupiter announces | folk |
| Vâr-parh | Mizo (Lushai) the Lushai Hills, Assam (now Mizoram) | vâr is 'dawn, to be light'; parh is 'to blossom, to spread' | tribal |
| Lugu ipil, mahara ipil, gaikohaṛ ipil | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | Lugu's star; the cowherd's star Lugu is the cowherd in Siṅgboṅga's service, and is visible only when, like the maharas on earth, he drives the cattle out a little before dawn. | tribal |
| aṅgo ipil | Mundari Chota Nagpur plateau, Ranchi district, Jharkhand | the dawn star The star that heralds dawn; aṅgo-dipli is 'at dawn, at daybreak'. | tribal |
| mi-sa-ha | Nicobarese Car Nicobar | — | tribal |
| mu-shāha | Nicobarese Central Nicobars (Nancowry group) | — | tribal |
| ଖଚୁଆ ତରା Khachuā tarā | Odia Odisha | 'the tale-telling star', from khaca, an account or report The best piece of sky-lore in Praharaj. Because the star is seen sometimes before dawn and sometimes for a watch after nightfall, people believe it goes ahead to Yama and reports the doings of the people of this world. | folk |
| କୁଆତରା Kuātarā | Odia Odisha | a worn-down form of kāvya-tārā, 'the star of Kāvya' — Kāvya/Uśanas being Śukra, the preceptor of the asuras Marked ଦେ., with the Sanskrit etymon given. Defined by the watch: the bright body that rises in the east with one prahara of night still to go. | vernacular |
| ଫୁକିଆ (ଫୁକିଆତରା) Phukiā (Phukiātarā) | Odia Garjat (the Odisha princely states) | uncertain; Praharaj gives no derivation Marked ପ୍ରାଦେ. (ଗଡ଼ଜାତ), provincial to the Garjat states. Defined by the clock and by the work it starts: the star that rises at 4 a.m., with the example sentence 'when Phukiā rises the fisherwomen begin husking chuṛā (flattened rice)'. | folk |
| ପାହାନ୍ତି ତାରା Pāhānti tārā | Odia Odisha | 'the daybreak star' The general Odia term, and the one Praharaj uses to define all the others. His note is unusually careful: the morning star is NOT one body — at different times of year Mars, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn rise before dawn in the east, but Venus is the brightest of them and Jupiter next. | vernacular |
| Tapt Tārā | Punjabi Punjab (contributed from Kasur by Ghulam Hussain Khan) | glossed by the contributor as 'the Galloping Star' Named for motion: Venus visibly shifts against the stars faster than any other bright object, and the name records the observation. | folk |
| وِهائۇ vihāū | Sindhi Sind (Bombay Presidency); Mewaram's dictionary is not dialect-marked | — | vernacular |
| දවහත්·තරුව davahat·taruva | Sinhala Sri Lanka | 'day-star' (Carter's own gloss) | vernacular |
| පහන් තරුව / පහන්·තාරකාව pahan taruva / pahan·tārakāva | Sinhala Sri Lanka | 'dawn-star' — Carter's adjacent headword is 'පහන් pahan , a. pert. to light or morning' (p. 371) | vernacular |
| tagəldaː-tuj-ən | Sora the Sora country of the Ganjam and Koraput hills, Odisha and northern Andhra | 'the morning star' (tagəldaː-, to be morning) Ramamurti adds, in the entry itself, that the Soras do not distinguish between the stars and the planets. | tribal |
| சொக்கவெள்ளி cokka-veḷḷi | Tamil Nāñcilnāṭu (Kanniyakumari district) | pure/refined silver; hence the morning star A FOLK USE with a practical function: the Lexicon's illustrative sentence is a traveller's, 'The morning star has risen, so let us set out.' Marked Nāñ., i.e. the Nāñcilnāṭu dialect of the far south. | folk |
| வைகுறுமீன் vaikuṟu-mīṉ | Tamil Tamil Nadu | daybreak-star (vaikuṟu 'to become dawn') The Caṅkam name for the morning star. In Akanāṉūṟu 17 the last silk-cotton blossoms scattered by the wind along a desert road are compared to it. | vernacular |
| வெடி veṭi | Tamil Tamil Nadu | A nikaṇṭu word for the morning star, recorded from the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu. | vernacular |
| விடிவெள்ளி viṭi-veḷḷi | Tamil Tamil Nadu | dawn-white, the white one of daybreak The everyday modern Tamil name of the morning star, and the word the Lexicon uses to define all the others. | vernacular |
| వేగుచుక్క vēgu-cukka | Telugu Telugu country (Madras Presidency: Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, Telangana) | the dawn star Also వేగురుచుక్క vēguru-cukka and వేకువచుక్క vēkuva-cukka. The standard Telugu name. | vernacular |
| Mahamrehla Chaheng | Teressa Teressa island, Nicobars | — | tribal |
Sources
- J.H. Hutton, The Angami Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1921), Appendix VIII, p. 412 link
- J.P. Mills, The Ao Nagas (London: Macmillan, 1926), p. 302 link
- M. Bronson, A Dictionary in Assamese and English, Sibsagor: American Baptist Mission Press, 1867, s.v. ভোটাতৰা, p. 439 (with Addenda, p. 608) link
- Candrakanta Abhidhana (Assamese-Assamese-English), 2nd ed., Guwahati: Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya for the Assam Sahitya Sabha, 1962 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. শুক্ৰ śukra, p. 843 link
- Jñānendramohana Dāsa, Bāṅgālā Bhāṣāra Abhidhāna, 2nd rev. ed., Kalikātā: Indian Publishing House [bhūmikā 1937] (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. পোয়াতে-তারা poẏāte-tārā, p. 1386 link
- Major A. Playfair, The Garos (London: David Nutt, 1909), p. 87 link
- Vahia & Halkare, 'Aspects of Gond Astronomy', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 16(1), 29-44 (2013); preprint arXiv:1306.2416 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. bhalkā, p. 191 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. bhurkā, p. 186 link
- John T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English (London, 1884), s.v. ujālā, p. 23 link
- Burrows, Ho Grammar, with Vocabulary (1915), English-Ho vocabulary s.v. 'morning star', and Ho-English vocabulary s.v. anyo ipil link
- Nissor Singh, Khasi-English Dictionary (1906), s.v. 'lur-shai, p. 120 link
- Burrow & Emeneau, A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, entry 5496(a), Kodagu section (DSAL p. 499) link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Appendix 1.2.8 (Bhimnala), p. 83 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Table 2, p. 71 link
- Grignard, An Oraon-English Dictionary (1924), s.v. bijj-bīnkō, p. 82; s.v. bhurkā, p. 114; s.v. bīnkō, p. 85 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, Kishore Menon and Harini Calamur, 'The astronomy of two Indian tribes: the Banjaras and the Kolams', Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 17(1), 65-84 (2014), Table 1, p. 69 link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. കൊററം koṟṟam, p. 309 (sub-entry കൊററി, sense 3) link
- Gundert, A Malayalam and English Dictionary (1872), s.v. പെരുക്കുക perukkuka, p. 701 (sub-entry പെരുമീന്) link
- N.E. Parry, The Lakhers (London: Macmillan, 1932), p. 493–494 link
- J. T. Molesworth, A Dictionary, Marathi and English, 2nd ed. rev. and enl. (Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press, 1857), s.v. बैलमाऱ्या, p. 592 link
- J. Herbert Lorrain, Dictionary of the Lushai Language, Bibliotheca Indica Work No. 261 (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1940), s.v. Vâr-parh, p. 545 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. VII, s.v. ipil, cols. 1919-1925 link
- Hoffmann, Encyclopaedia Mundarica, vol. I, s.v. aṅgo-ipil link
- Whitehead, Dictionary of the Car-Nicobarese Language (1925), s.v. mi-sa-ha link
- Man, A Dictionary of the Central Nicobarese Language (1889), English-Nicobarese p. 60 s.v. Morning-star; also p. 90 s.v. Star link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ଖଚୁଆ ତରା Khachuā tarā, p. 1890 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. କୁଆତରା Kuātarā, p. 1613 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ଫୁକିଆ Phukiā, p. 5239 link
- G. C. Praharaj, Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha: a lexicon of the Oriya language, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931-1940 (DSAL digital ed.), s.v. ପାହାନ୍ତି ତାରା Pāhānti tārā, p. 4814 link
- Ghulam Hussain Khan, 'Panjab - Name for Venus - The Morning Star', Indian Notes and Queries, vol. IV (1886-87), note 363 link
- Parmanand Mewaram, A Sindhi-English Dictionary (Hyderabad, Sind: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society, 1910), s.v. وِهائۇ, p. 635 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. දවහත්·තරුව davahat·taruva, p. 278 link
- Carter, A Sinhalese-English Dictionary (Colombo, 1924), s.v. පහන් තරුව pahan taruva, p. 371 link
- G.V. Ramamurti, Sora-English Dictionary (Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1938), s.v. 'tagəldaː-, p. 273 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. சொக்கவெள்ளி sense 2, vol. III p. 1646, marked Nāñ. link
- Akanāṉūṟu 17 (Pālai); text and commentary of Na. Mu. Vēṅkaṭacāmi Nāṭṭār, Project Madurai e-text PM 0490_01 link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. வெடி⁴, vol. VI p. 3773, citing the Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu link
- Tamil Lexicon (University of Madras, 1924-36), s.v. விடிவெள்ளி, vol. VI p. 3659, marked (W.) after Winslow link
- Brown, C. P., A Telugu-English Dictionary, new ed., thoroughly revised and brought up to date (Madras: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903), s.v. వేగు vēgu, p. 1226 link
- M.N. Vahia, Ganesh Halkare, S.A. Awaradi and Kishore Menon, 'In situ studies of astronomy of the Nicobarese tribe of Nicobar Islands', Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology, 6, 1014-1039 (2018), Table 3, pp. 1026-1027 link
